A needs assessment should include
a. the department only.
b. the community only.
c. both the department and the community.
d. neither the department nor the community.
c
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A _____________ is a threat to internal validity that occurs when the very process of measuring in the pretest can have an impact on the dependent variable
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Which theory contends that individuals become stabilized in criminal roles when they are labeled as criminals, are stigmatized, develop criminal identities, are sent to prison, and are excluded from conventional roles?
a. strain theory b. differential association theory c. social learning theory d. social reaction theory
Which of the following is NOT true in regards to ‘high’ policing?
a. It is not concerned with the collection of political intelligence, but criminal prosecution b. It is more likely to act extra-legally c. It is likely to be less straightforward d. Sharing information with low agencies is not favored by high agencies
When parents are alienated from their children, their negative labeling reduces their children's self-image and increases delinquency. This is known as:
a. reflected appraisals. b. reflective role-taking. c. stigma. d. primary deviance.