The main difference between manipulation of an independent variable and observation of naturally occurring variations in an independent variable is that
a. naturally occurring variations provide more persuasive evidence of a causal relationship
involving the independent variable.
b. manipulation provides more persuasive evidence of a causal relationship involving the
independent variable.
c. manipulation is typically done in artificial laboratory settings, whereas observation of naturally occurring variations can be done in schools.
d. manipulation requires the involvement of fewer research participants than observation of naturally
occurring variations.
b
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a. composing and revising. b. spelling and grammar. c. planning and composing. d. planning and modeling.
Which of the following is a good example for constructive feedback?
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The genetic characteristics of individuals combined with a particular history of reinforcement, in Skinner's view, account for
a. individual differences. b. mental retardation. c. self-paced learning. d. transfer of learning.
Which of the following is an intervention technique to promote positive behavior for more serious behavior problems?
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