_ are characteristics of the environment or participants that interfere with the outcome of research.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
extranneous variables
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Behavior that is characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility is called __________.
A. Type B behavior B. behavioral imbalance C. Type A behavior D. polyphasic activation
Of the four models that were tested in Exercise 18, which one predicted different results on the extinction trials in Stage 4? That is, which model predicted that the response to the tone would differ from the response to the light in that stage?
a. S-S, S-S b. S-S, S-R c. S-R, S-S d. S-R, S-R
The anxiety disorder called social phobia, involving anxiety about being evaluated or criticized, usually begins during a. childhood
b. adolescence. c. young adulthood. d. middle age.
You have a painful headache and so you take an aspirin to eliminate the pain. The aspirin works and now you are free of your headache. Taking the aspirin is an example of a:
a. negative reinforcer—it increases the chance of taking aspirin again the next time you have a headache b. negative reinforcer—it decreases the chance of taking aspirin again the next time you have a headache c. positive reinforcer—it increases the chance of taking aspirin again the next time you have a headache d. positive reinforcer—it decreases the chance of taking aspirin again the next time you have a headache