List two different types of body fat distribution, their characteristics, and the complications associated with each.
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Body fat distribution can be divided into two clinically significant categories: (1) abdominal or central body fat distribution and (2) lower body fat distribution. Abdominal or central fat placement refers to fat located primarily within the abdominal region of the body, both surrounding the organs of the abdomen and located just under the skin around the waist. Abdominal fat distribution is more often seen in males, tends to give the body a shape resembling that of an apple, and is sometimes referred to as android. Lower body fat placement refers to fat located primarily in the lower region of the body, and it tends to give the body a shape resembling a pear. Lower body fat distribution is more often seen in females and is sometimes referred to as gynoid. Abdominal obesity is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue located within the lower body is inversely related to cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.
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