Assume a researcher during the fall semester compared a lecture approach to teaching statistics (using his freshmen class) with a problem-oriented approach (using his junior class). Both sections were given the same statistics test as a final outcome measure. He repeated the same experiment in the spring semester. This scenario is best described as a confounding of:
A) test scores with teaching approaches
B) class level with test scores
C) time of year with test scores
D) teaching approaches with class level
E) time of year with teaching approaches
Ans: D
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