If there is a relationship between age in months and grade point average, does that imply causation? Why, why not?
What will be an ideal response?
No, again we can’t say that with any certainty. Think again of our three conditions. The first, that there is a relationship between the two variables, is demonstrated through
correlation. The second, that a must come before b in time, is usually trickier, but not in this case. It is clear that age comes before grades (after all, doing a maths test doesn’t
affect ones biological age, though it may do so emotionally!). The final condition, that there are no third underlying variables causing the relationship is, however not demonstrated. One variable that we haven’t measured may be particularly important here, and that is grade retention, widely used in the education system this dataset was collected in, as it means that the older pupils may be those that have been grade retained.
You might also like to view...
Rhythm refers to the movement of sounds through time
a. True b. False
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
Sounds must be louder that than 150 dB if they are to be considered potentially hazardous.
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Arguing about specific words in order to clarify them is a suggestion to improve listening performance in a group setting. 2. Control and evaluation can be communicated both verbally and nonverbally. 3. Conflict seems to be less common in virtual teams. 4. Raising team EI is an important leadership responsibility, which is accomplished largely through role modeling and establishing norms. 5. Creativity and change are both positive outcomes of substantive conflict. 6. Higher level moral reasoning is a positive outcome of substantive conflict.
Structure
a. refers to observing and recording behavior in a systematic, patterned way such that the observer knows why he or she is in the observation setting and by what method the behaviors of interest will be recorded b. involves taking on-the-spot records of behavior as it occurs c. a formal method of observation and recording in which you continuously record in as much detail as possible what the child does and says, by herself and in interaction with other persons or objects d. refers to observing young children’s behavior in a patterned, systematic way