If a researcher assigns participants to groups based on, for example, their gender, the researcher would be employing
a. a manipulated independent variable
b. random assignment.
c. a participant variable.
d. a manipulated dependent variable.
c
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The scientific approach requires that people specify exactly what they are talking about when they formulate hypotheses. Which advantage of scientific investigation does this illustrate?
a. precision b. acceptance of a degree of error c. skepticism d. operational definitions
A wide variety of back-up reinforcers is best to use in a token economy because:
a. satiation is more likely to occur b. satiation is less likely to occur c. it is more likely that there will be something that is reinforcing for everybody in the program d. B and C
________ is the practice of withdrawing an aversive stimulus with the purpose of strengthening a preceding response
a. Positive reinforcement c. Negative reinforcement b. Positive punishment d. Negative punishment
Louella feels that no matter how much she studies, she will not do well in her college courses because the professors are stingy with grades. Louella is characterized by
a. high reactance b. high perceived control c. learned optimism d. an external locus of control