Which laboratory data alteration would the nurse expect to see manifested in a client with renal failure?
A. Hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis
B. Hyperkalemia and metabolic alkalosis
C. Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia
D. Hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia
C
Normally, a reciprocal relationship exists between calcium and phosphate, which is mediated by vitamin D. In renal failure, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia result from a deficiency of ac-tivated vitamin D and decreased tubular excretion of phosphate. A decrease in the GFR (glome-rular filtration rate) increases the plasma phosphate level, leading to hyperphosphatemia. As phosphate levels increase, phosphate binds to calcium, resulting in a decrease in the serum cal-cium levels. In the presence of less activated vitamin D, less calcium can be absorbed through the intestinal mucosa.
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The distribution of a drug in the body is affected by
a. Dehydration b. Decreased plasma protein levels c. Decreased blood flow d. All of the above
A nurse is teaching a group of parents about tracheoesophageal fistula. Which statement, made by the nurse, is accurate about tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)?
a. This defect results from an embryonal failure of the foregut to differentiate into the trachea and esophagus. b. It is a fistula between the esophagus and stomach that results in the oral intake being refluxed and aspirated. c. An extra connection between the esophagus and trachea develops because of genetic abnormalities. d. The defect occurs in the second trimester of pregnancy.
The Joint Commission supports the client's right to pain management, and published standards for assessment and management of pain in hospitals, ambulatory care settings, and home care settings (Joint Commission, 2008b)
Which of the following are recommended guidelines for pain management? Select all that apply. A) Teach all clients to use a pain rating scale. B) Determine a pain-rating goal with each client. C) Use pharmacologic pain relief measures first. D) Manipulate factors that affect the pain experience. E) Keep the primary care provider in charge of all pain relief measures.
The nurse is a member of the emergency and disaster preparedness committee for an organization. The nurse's role is to head the data collection subcommittee. What are the key areas that would be included in your plan?
A) Morbidity, mortality, mental health, and infectious disease B) Morbidity, mortality, displacement, and community infrastructure C) Morbidity, mortality, mental health, and chronic illness D) Morbidity, mortality, displacement, and healthcare workers