Compare and contrast the production and transmission of a graded potential with those of an action
potential. What will be an ideal response?
Both are alternations in the membrane that cause the membrane potential to vary from the resting state.
A graded potential is a local response that is characteristic of all cells and which fades out within a few
millimeters of its point of origin. It varies in magnitude depending on the strength of the stimulus, and
it can either excititory or inhibitory. An action potential is generated only in neurons, muscle cells,
and a few cells of the endocrine and immune systems. An action potential is generated when the
membrane reaches its threshold level, and it is propagated at a constant rate and magnitude; that is, it
does not vary with the strength of the stimulus.
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Describe the general processes that occur in a sludge digester. What is an advantage of sludge digestion over activated sludge?
What will be an ideal response?
NADP+ gets its electrons to become NADPH
in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis from
a. ATP synthase b. the flow of hydrogen ions c. electron transfer chains d. oxygen gas e. glucose
Diapedesis is
a. the increase in the diameter of blood vessels. b. the production and release of chemicals during inflammation. c. the migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage. d. the attachment of phagocytes to the walls of capillaries.
In a PET scan, a patient is injected with radioactively labeled glucose. Cells take up the radioactive glucose and the scanner detects levels of radioactivity in various parts of the body. This is a measure of the amount of glucose uptake. Cancer cells are often in an environment with low oxygen concentration and they take in high amounts of glucose. Why would a low oxygen environment lead to high glucose uptake?
A. They rely more on glycolysis which is less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation. B. Enzymes function more efficiently in the absence of oxygen. C. They rely more on oxidative phosphorylation which is less efficient than glycolysis. D. Because they require more oxygen to metabolize glucose. E. More energy is produced from glucose in hypoxic conditions.