A child who is just starting school and trying to develop learning skills is in Erikson's stage called
a. initiative versus guilt.
b. industry versus inferiority.
c. generativity versus stagnation.
d. integrity versus despair.
ANSWER: b
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In Exercise 49, the relative frequencies of begging, face wiping, and rolling were compared to the
a. effects of magazine training. b. effects of extinction. c. relative frequency of bar pressing. d. relative frequency of drinking.
Tolman's views on learning differed from those of Skinner in that Tolman believed:
A) reinforcement is dependent on the formation of stimulus–stimulus associations. B) a reinforcer directly strengthens the response that produces it. C) the environmental context can influence whether or not a behaviour will occur. D) organisms develop means–ends expectancies as a result of operant conditioning.
If observers agree 40 times out of 60, then the interrater reliability is a. 1.5
b. 0.67. c. 0.33. d. not able to be determined.
Which principle of perception may explain why we tend to mentally group together people from a particular country or geographic region?
a. closure b. common region c. perceptual constancy d. figure-ground