The nurse knows that the body's response to the release of hormones in the "fight or flight" response is which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Decreased respiratory rate
b. Slowing of the digestive process
c. Glucose being mobilized from the liver
d. Pupils dilating
e. Smooth muscles in the bronchi constricting
ANS: B, C, D
The release of hormones increases the heart rate, resulting in increased cardiac output and elevated blood pressure. There is an increase in the flow of blood to muscles at the expense of the digestive and other systems not immediately needed in the fight-or-flight response. Smooth muscles in the bronchi relax and dilate the bronchi and smaller airways, and the respiratory rate increases, allowing for an enhanced flow of well-oxygenated blood to muscles and other organs. The motility of the digestive tract is decreased, slowing digestive processes, but glucose and fatty acids are mobilized from the liver and other stores to support increased mental activities (alertness) and skeletal muscle function. Pupillary dilation produces a larger visual field.
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