Silent copies of genes that have been inactivated by mutations are called
A. pseudogenes.
B. clones.
C. exons.
D. introns.
A. pseudogenes.
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Salt marsh plants play an important ecological role in
a. recycling nutrients. b. stabilizing sediments. c. filtering run-off from coastal areas. d. habitat for small animals. e. all of the above
Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide base found in DNA?
A. Adenine B. Thymine C. Guanine D. Cytosine E. Uracil
Molecular homology can be compared by analyzing the
A. elemental makeup of different species. B. vestigial structures of different species. C. protein structure during development. D. positions of genes on the chromosomes of different species. E. sequences of amino acids of various proteins in different species.
)
A. PAMPs are molecules present only on microorganisms, and they serve as signal molecules for pathogen recognition. B. Viruses do not contain PAMPs because they are not living cells. C. PAMPs are signal molecules found on all organisms, and they help the immune system distinguish self from nonself. D. PRRs are present at all times on phagocytic cells and even lymphocytes, regardless of whether they have encountered their corresponding PAMP. E. Phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils and dendritic cells, only synthesize PRRs once they have encountered the corresponding PAMP. F. Peptidoglycan, LPS, and double-stranded RNA are all PAMPs since they are not present in eukaryotic cells.