In which of the following circumstances would it be more helpful to use the wheel model of epidemiology than the epidemiological triangle model?
a. When factors outside the triangle model are involved
b. When there are multiple causes for a chronic disease
c. When research has not yet determined the exact cause
d. When trying to explain the situation to a lay person
ANS: B
The epidemiological triangle model of agent-host-environment is very useful, especially with single-cause infectious diseases. However, with the multiple factors involved in chronic diseases, the wheel model is more useful in analyzing and identifying the multiple variables.
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A patient who is Native American comes to you complaining of left ear pain. He gives a history of frequent upper respiratory infections, smoking, and working construction in the cold weather. You suspect that he has
a. air bubbles behind his tympanic membrane. b. spores in his external ear canal. c. a foreign body in his ear. d. otitis media.
Which structures of the middle ear are involved in movement of the ossicles?
a. vestibule and stapedius c. stapedius and eustachian tube b. tensor tympani and stapedius d. eustachian tube and tensor tympani
An older confused patient is recovering from a stage IV sacral pressure ulcer. The nurse shows an understanding of this patient's risk for developing osteomyelitis by
a. adhering to sterile technique when chang-ing the wound's dressing. b. assessing and documenting the patient's vital signs regularly. c. managing the patient's antibiotic therapy as prescribed. d. ensuring that the patient's diet includes sufficient protein.
When the client is unable to make medical decisions for himself or herself, authorization that allows another person to make these decisions is called:
a. living will. b. durable power of attorney. c. informed consent. d. immunity.