Calculate the number of new collision as seen by PC1 and PC3, in the above exercise. Briefly explain what causes the collisions.
What will be an ideal response?
Before the ping command is issued:
```
PC1 collisions:2167 txqueuelen:100
PC3 collisions:1 txqueuelen:100
After running the ping commands on PC1 and PC3:
PC1 collisions:2173 txqueuelen:100
PC3 collisions:10 txqueuelen:100
```
After running the ping commands on PC1 and PC3, there collisions are observed.
An Ethernet hub forwards the incoming packets on all its ports. Thus when devices connected to the same hub transmit packets at the same time, transmissions are corrupted. The hubs transmit the messages over the crossover cable (these are in turn forwarded by the hub at the other end) increasing the probability of collisions.
Before: PC1
```
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BF:90:7D:33
inet addr:10.0.1.11 Bcast:10.0.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:29808 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:35392 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:2167 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:2779700 (2.6 Mb) TX bytes:10581587 (10.0 Mb)
Interrupt:9 Base address:0x6c00
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:06:5B:4B:E0:DD
inet addr:10.0.5.11 Bcast:10.0.5.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:5142 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4819 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:25
collisions:285 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:373907 (365.1 Kb) TX bytes:2875542 (2.7 Mb)
Interrupt:11 Base address:0xe880
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:79957 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:79957 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:5449922 (5.1 Mb) TX bytes:5449922 (5.1 Mb)
```
After:
```
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BF:90:7D:33
inet addr:10.0.1.11 Bcast:10.0.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:533854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:539437 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:2173 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:52175980 (49.7 Mb) TX bytes:59977807 (57.1 Mb)
Interrupt:9 Base address:0x6c00
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:06:5B:4B:E0:DD
inet addr:10.0.5.11 Bcast:10.0.5.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:5142 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4819 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:25
collisions:285 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:373907 (365.1 Kb) TX bytes:2875542 (2.7 Mb)
Interrupt:11 Base address:0xe880
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:79957 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:79957 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:5449922 (5.1 Mb) TX bytes:5449922 (5.1 Mb)
```
Before : PC3
```
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BF:90:67:74
inet addr:10.0.1.31 Bcast:10.0.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:500 Metric:1
RX packets:2761 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:2444 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:1 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:269782 (263.4 Kb) TX bytes:215058 (210.0 Kb)
Interrupt:9 Base address:0x6c00
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:06:5B:4B:E1:06
inet addr:10.0.2.33 Bcast:10.0.2.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:1510 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1567 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:28
collisions:2 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:123022 (120.1 Kb) TX bytes:176252 (172.1 Kb)
Interrupt:11 Base address:0xe880
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:114498 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:114498 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:7371986 (7.0 Mb) TX bytes:7371986 (7.0 Mb)
```
After:
```
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BF:90:67:74
inet addr:10.0.1.31 Bcast:10.0.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:500 Metric:1
RX packets:976921 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:2547 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:10 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:95737044 (91.3 Mb) TX bytes:225038 (219.7 Kb)
Interrupt:9 Base address:0x6c00
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:06:5B:4B:E1:06
inet addr:10.0.2.33 Bcast:10.0.2.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:1510 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1567 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:28
collisions:2 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:123022 (120.1 Kb) TX bytes:176252 (172.1 Kb)
Interrupt:11 Base address:0xe880
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:114498 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:114498 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:7371986 (7.0 Mb) TX bytes:7371986 (7.0 Mb)
```
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