Consider two loci (A, B) each with two alleles (A, a; B, b) in which the A allele is in link-age disequilibrium with the b allele. If an individual contains the b allele, what allele at the A locus will it likely have? Explain your reasoning
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ANS:
Because A and b are in linkage disequilibrium, an individual with the b allele is likely to have the A allele due to the statistical association of the A/b alleles.
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A number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by ATP. Such ATP-powered pumps are often called ATPases, although they do not often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions
Because small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol can trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, cells keep the cytosolic calcium concentration quite low under normal conditions, using ATP-powered calcium pumps. For example, muscle cells transport calcium from the cytosol into the membranous system called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). If a resting muscle cell's cytosol has a free calcium ion concentration of 10-7 while the concentration in the SR is 10-2, then how is the ATPase acting? A) ATPase activity must be powering an inflow of calcium from the outside of the cell into the SR. B) ATPase activity must be transferring i to the SR to enable this to occur. C) ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the SR against the concentration gradient. D) ATPase activity must be opening a channel for the calcium ions to diffuse back into the SR along the concentration gradient. E) ATPase activity must be routing calcium ions from the SR to the cytosol, and then to the cell's environment.
Transport of a molecule across a cell membrane by facilitated diffusion ____
a. does not exhibit specificity for a particular type of molecule b. requires the input of energy c. depends on a concentration gradient d. goes against the concentration gradient e. allows non-polar uncharged molecules to diffuse across a membrane
The state of Iowa is in the temperate grassland (prairie) while much of the neighboring state of Wisconsin is in the deciduous forest. Why are these two states in different biomes?
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In __________, an anus forms first. Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s)