Which of the following are direct measures? (Select all that apply.)
a. The patient's radial pulse rate
b. The dimensions in centimeters of a decubitus ulcer
c. The nurse's observations of an infant's apparent pain
d. The physician's measure of the patient's deep tendon reflexes
e. The patient's estimate as to whether his lithium level is within therapeutic range
f. The mother's report of her toddler's anxiety level before a blood draw
g. The patient's serum serotonin levels
ANS: A, B, D, G
Direct measures are more accurate because there is an objective measurement of the study variable. For example, patients might be asked to report any irregular heartbeats during waking hours over a 24-hour period, which is an indirect measurement of heart rhythm, and each patient's heart could be monitored with a Holter monitor over the same 24-hour timeframe, which is a direct measurement. Whenever possible, researchers usually select direct measures of their study variables due to the accuracy and precision of these measurement methods. However, if a direct measurement method does not exist, an indirect measurement method could be used in the initial investigation of a physiological variable.
You might also like to view...
A pediatric nurse is caring for a 1-year-old child who is in a spica cast. The nurse teaches the parents that modifications need to be made for this child. Which modification does the nurse teach?
A. Using a baby bath with shallow water to clean the child B. Using a car seat with sturdy sides to transport the child C. Using a sitting position on the floor to feed the child D. Using a wagon instead of a stroller to move the child
An ICU nurse manager states, ?The hospital has a union but I wouldn?t advise joining,? to a newly hired nurse. The HR (human resources) director is informed of this comment. Which of the following actions by the HR director is appropriate?
1. Give the newly hired nurse written information regarding the union. 2. Meet with the manager and inform her of the manager?s role regarding collective bargaining. 3. Inform the manager?s director. 4. Terminate the manager.
The nurse is caring for a client with prostate cancer with metastasis to S-1 and the adjacent nerve root. The client complains of unrelenting pain
When collaborating with the provider, which of the following examples of balanced analgesia would the nurse advocate for? 1. Use of an opioid for background pain and gabapentin (Neurontin) for the neuropathic pain. 2. Use of an opioid around the clock rather than on an as-needed (PRN ) basis. 3. Use of escalating doses of a narcotic analgesic per the third step of the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder. 4. Begin with the first step of the analgesic ladder as described by the World Health Organization (WHO), and then evaluate the client's response.
Which statement by the nurse-manager demonstrates an understanding of the need to provide effective guidance to those a project has been delegated?
A) "Don't be afraid to let me know if you feel the project is overwhelming you." B) "What do you suggest we do to address the problems that exist with the project?" C) "I can give you a few solutions for the issues you have been having with the project." D) "Do you want more time to complete the project?"