The transition of the mouth microbiome from aerotolerant anaerobes to anaerobes is associated with
a. the switch to solid food.
b. the eruption of teeth.
c. puberty.
d. the development of a yeast infection.
Answer: B
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Why is it important to include a placebo in a scientific study to assess the effectiveness of a drug?
A. It's actually unethical to do so-if you have a drug that you know to be effective, it's unethical to withhold that treatment from an ill patient. B. A placebo-treated group will determine if the changes observed in the drug-treated illness group are due to a psychological effect rather than a physiologic/pharmacologic one. C. It isn't scientifically important-a placebo simply helps investigators satisfy the legal requirements of the Food and Drug Administration in their testing process. D. A placebo-treated group will determine if the changes observed in the illness in this non-treated group are due to a physiologic/pharmacologic effect rather than a psychological one.
How does resistance to drugs spread in bacterial populations?
A) Exposure to drugs causes mutations in bacterial genes. B) Horizontal gene transfer between bacteria spreads R (resistance) plasmids. C) Genetic recombination during sexual reproduction. D) Exposure to drugs induces immunity. E) Exposure to drugs alters gene expression in bacteria.
In humans, sickle-cell anemia is caused by an allele that results in abnormal hemoglobin that sickles red blood cells in certain situations. Individuals who are heterozygous for normal and sickle-cell alleles are protected from malaria; homozygous normal has no protection and homozygous sickle-cell has symptoms such as low tolerance for exertion and a shortened life span. This is an example of
A. stabilizing selection. B. directional selection. C. disruptive selection. D. balancing selection. E. cryptic selection.
According to this figure, arctic sea ice is ________ on average.
A. remaining consistent B. increasing in volume C. cycling back and forth in volume D. decreasing in volume