What are two reasons given for the research findings that suggest that students in middle schools are not academically performing at high levels?
What will be an ideal response?
First, it is not clear that students in middle schools fare worse than students in other school configurations. Only a
limited number of studies compare outcomes in schools with different grade configurations. Second, in many cases,
the philosophy behind the middle school movement?such as a focus on discovery learning?never was fully
implemented. In fact, many school districts replaced large junior high schools with large middle schools and
otherwise made only minimal changes.
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Children who grow up in villages where pottery is made can correctly answer questions about the conservation of clay at an earlier age than Piaget would have predicted. This example of the development of earlier conservation skills provides support that cognitive development is strongly influenced by
a. assimilation. b. brain maturation. c. genetic make-up. d. social and cultural factors.
Freddy suffered from a speech disorder for many years. After he died, the doctor performed an autopsy and found an area of damage in his brain that explained the occurrence of his disorder. This damage is referred to as
A. a syndrome. B. a lesion. C. a tangle. D. anomia.
Irene, a social worker in a prison for juvenile offenders, decided to implement a program to improve the self-esteem of adolescent prisoners. She hypothesized that the adolescents' aggression was simply a defense mechanism used to shield their low self-esteem. Thus, increasing their self-esteem would result in decreased aggression. Is Irene's approach likely to be effective?
A. Yes, improved self-esteem is associated with less externalizing, aggressive behavior. B. Yes, self-esteem can be easily modified and results in dramatic changes in behavior. C. No, self-esteem cannot be modified so her intervention is likely to be ineffective. D. No, aggressive people are more likely to already have a high self-esteem.
A description of bereaved parents is that they ______.
A. tend to experience grief over a shorter period than other bereaved people B. often find comfort in that the death of their child had some meaning C. find it easier than other bereaved people to transform their identity D. need to reshape their sense of purpose and legacy