Which of the following is both a necessary and a sufficient principle to prove a causal relationship?
a. Where there is the effect, there must also be the cause.
b. Where there is no cause, there should be no effect.
c. Where there is a change made in the cause, there should be a resulting change in the effect.
d. All of these are necessary and sufficient conditions for proving a causal relationship between variables.
C
The first two principles are true for events that are correlated but not causally related. They are necessary but not sufficient for proving causality.
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Stress can produce indirect health-related behaviors, such as __________.
A. increased and habitual risk-taking behaviors B. increased compliance with medical advice C. increased delays in seeking medical care D. increased likelihood of seeking medical advice
Juan works hard to master spelling, writing, and math in school and receives praise from his teacher. According to Erikson, Juan is responding positively to the psychosocial crisis involving __________.
A. industry versus inferiority B. identity versus role confusion C. the ego controlling desires of the id D. acceptance of positive reinforcement
If a classically conditioned response undergoes extinction in an environment that is different from the one in which the response was acquired, the extinguished response will often reappear if the individual is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place. This phenomenon is called
a. second-order conditioning. b. the renewal effect. c. stimulus generalization. d. vicarious conditioning.
Ten-year-old Kylee is trying to remember the capital of North Carolina. Her father tells her to think of the letter "R," and she quickly comes up with Raleigh. In this case, Kylee's memory was assisted using
a. an effective retrieval cue. b. semantic network activation. c. the method of loci. d. transfer-appropriate processing.