Tight budgets, limited training of staff, and lack of medical services are all problems facing __________.
a. lockup
b. the booking area
c. metropolitan jails
d. rural jails
d. rural jails
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Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. According to Cloward and Ohlin’s differential opportunity theory, retreatist subcultures develop in stable slum neighborhoods in which a hierarchy of available criminal opportunities exist. 2. General theory of crime, developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi, commits a global fallacy in its efforts to explain crime as “low self-control” in pursuit of “self-interest.” 3. Building from differential association theory, Akers and Burgess believe that behavioral conditioning, including the classical concepts of rewards and punishment, affects whether one chooses to engage in crime. 4. Shaw and McKay made extensive use of maps and official statistics in their studies of juvenile delinquency. 5. Social control theories emphasize criminality as a learned or culturally transmitted process.
An intentional tort differs from negligence in that:
A) An intentional tort includes the act of being negligent. B) An intentional tort is punishable by fine and imprisonment. C) An intentional tort is really a voluntary act such as assault or malicious prosecution. D) An intentional tort rarely violates constitutional rights whereas negligence almost always involves the violation of the Bill of Rights.
With regard to evaluation designs, which of the following statements is not accurate?
a. variation in the levels of treatment delivered by a program can be a major threat to the validity of even randomized evaluation studies b. uncontrolled variation in treatment is equivalent to unreliable measurement of the independent variable c. controlled variation in treatment represents a threat to generalizability d. varying degrees of participation by clients in a program will impact the outcome
The first attempt to collect data on crime at the international level occurred at:
a. The General Statistical Congress in Brussels b. International Congress on the Prevention and Repression of Crime in London c. The Conference of the International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation d. The Economic and Social Council of the UN