Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. According to Cloward and Ohlin’s differential opportunity theory, retreatist subcultures develop in stable slum neighborhoods in which a hierarchy of available criminal opportunities exist.
2. General theory of crime, developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi, commits a global fallacy in its efforts to explain crime as “low self-control” in pursuit of “self-interest.”
3. Building from differential association theory, Akers and Burgess believe that behavioral conditioning, including the classical concepts of rewards and punishment, affects whether one chooses to engage in crime.
4. Shaw and McKay made extensive use of maps and official statistics in their studies of juvenile delinquency.
5. Social control theories emphasize criminality as a learned or culturally transmitted process.
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False
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