There is a potential for risky behavior among youth in all facets of American life. The social, economic, and political circumstances that increase adolescent risk taking include all but which of the following?
a. Lack of legitimate opportunity
b. Racial, class, age, and ethnicity equalities
c. The "cult of individualism"
d. The uncertainty of contemporary social life
B
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Consequentialism is a normative ethical framework
a. True b. False
Today, critical criminology includes all of the following perspectives except ______.
A. left realism B. strain theory C. abolitionism D. “new criminology”
Evidence that has demonstrable physical characteristics that can prove a fact is called ________ evidence.
A. documentary B. physical C. testimonial D. circumstantial
Which of the following is a valid critique of labeling theory?
a. It fails to address violent criminal activity. b. It unquestioningly accepts official definitions of criminality. c. It adopts a consensus view of deviance. d. Pays inadequate attention to the causes of the initial deviant act.