The learning mechanism in traditional connectionist models occurs through receiving input, generating a response, observing the discrepancy between that response and the correct answer, and then making the appropriate adjustments within the
processing units. It is plausible that children learn like this in a variety of contexts. However, this learning mechanism seems less plausible in some contexts. Describe one context well suited for this type of learning mechanism and one context that may pose a problem for this type of learning mechanism.
What will be an ideal response?
A tutor-tutee (or teacher-student, or self drilling with flash cards) context is well suited for this type of learning. In this context, the tutee can respond to questions posed by the tutor, and the tutor can correct any errors in thinking. However, a more independent learning context may pose a problem for this type of learning mechanism because there may not be a way for the learner to figure out or find the correct answer. If the learner is unable to figure out or find the correct answer, then he or she cannot observe the discrepancy between his or her way of thinking and the correct answer, and therefore, no adjustments will be made.
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Which of the following statements is true about the characteristics of observers that influence modeling?
a. Older children are reinforced primarily by physical stimuli such as food, affection, and punishment. c. Because of immediate imitation during infancy, reiterations of modeled behavior are unnecessary. b. The set of behaviors we choose to imitate stay constant during our lifetime. d. The probability of imitation of a modeled behavior is inversely proportional to self-esteem of the observer.
Which statement about psychiatric disorders in the United States is accurate? a. Depression and anxiety are more common in men than in women
b. Compared to adults, a larger percentage of children have anxiety disorders. c. Twenty-five percent of adults suffer from a diagnosable mental health disorder in a given year. d. Phobias are more common in the elderly than in the young.
What do scientists call a tentative statement about cause-and-effect relations between events?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four especially important societal beliefs discussed in your text as contributing to ethnic conflict?
a. "Our goals are just!" b. "The opponent has no legitimacy!" c. "We can do no wrong!" d. "We are revolutionary!"