Which of the following statements is true about the characteristics of observers that influence modeling?
a. Older children are reinforced primarily by physical stimuli such as food, affection, and punishment.
c. Because of immediate imitation during infancy, reiterations of modeled behavior are unnecessary.
b. The set of behaviors we choose to imitate stay constant during our lifetime.
d. The probability of imitation of a modeled behavior is inversely proportional to self-esteem of the observer.
ANS: D
FEEDBACK: The attributes of the observers also determine the effectiveness of observational learning. People who are low in self-confidence and self-esteem are much more likely to imitate a model's behavior than are people high in self-confidence and self-esteem.
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