What are Pavlov’s two categories of reflexes?
A. explicit and implicit
B. conditioned and unconditioned
C. intentional and unintentional
D. trained and learned
Ans: B
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding systematic desensitization?
a. You pair relaxation with the least stressful event in your anxiety hierarcy, and then move down the list until you can imagine your most stressful event and be relaxed. b. You start by confronting your worst fears by going to the source of your stress c. It is a form of classical conditioning. d. It is considered a relaxation-based approach to coping with stress.
Differential history effects are a threat to internal validity for which of the following designs?
a. differential research design b. one-group pretest–posttest design c. pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design d. longitudinal design
General findings are that there is a moderate positive
correlation—about .3 to .4—between brain size and measured intelligence. We must remember, however, that this relationship does not mean that having a bigger brain is directly responsible for higher intelligence. Some third variable, such as better nutrition, might explain this relationship. This reminds us of the critical thinking concept of A) correlation versus causation. B) replicability. C) Occam's Razor. D) extraordinary claims.
Empathy-based guilt reactions
A) interfere with moral development. B) are the only force that compels children to act morally. C) are associated with engaging in future prosocial behavior. D) are only influential in early childhood.