The causal relationship between an act and the harm suffered is referred to as:

A. actus rea.
B. causation.
C. harm.
D. legality.
E. concurrence.


Answer: B

Criminal Justice

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Which is a form of punishment in which those convicted were forced to work as rowers on ships?

a. galleys b. gaols c. bridewells d. hulks

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Wolfgang found several factors related to victimology. Select the one below that is not one of the factors described by Wolfgang.

a. Victim and offender knew each other b. Victim likely to have history of violence offending c. Alcohol played a role d. Never started by minor altercation that escalated

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______________________ was terrorized by organized gangs that called themselves "Hectors," "Bugles," "Dead Boys," and other colorful names

a. London c. Boston b. New York d. Seattle

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Burgess’s hypothesis of urban growth is referred to as ________

A) urban zone B) target zone C) progressive circle D) concentric zone

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