The nurse suspects that a patient is experiencing a neuroendocrine response from low cardiac output in heart failure. What manifestations did the nurse assess to make this clinical decision?
Select all that apply.
1. irregular heart rhythm
2. gastrointestinal bleeding
3. blood pressure 188/94 mmHg
4. nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
5. heart rate 112 beats per minute
Correct Answer: 3, 5
A neuroendocrine response to low cardiac output is stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and catecholamine release, leading to an increase in heart rate or tachycardia. A neuroendocrine response to low cardiac output and decreased renal perfusion is the stimulation of the renin–angiotensin system, which leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. Dysrhythmias, gastrointestinal bleeding, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are not neuroendocrine responses to low cardiac output.
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