Provide an example in which you expect that a contextual effect exists. Why do you think this contextual effect occurs? How would you design research to account for this contextual effect?
What will be an ideal response?
Contextual effect—relationships among variables that vary among geographic units and
other social settings; example—Sampson and Laub (1993) found that countries with a
large underclass and poverty concentrated among minorities treat juvenile cases more
harshly in the court system than countries that do not; context effect occurs because we
do not act the same way in different situations, but instead react accordingly to the
current context; examples of research designs—content analysis of court cases, cross-
sectional design, repeated cross-sectional design.
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Which of the following is true regarding American perceptions about work?
A. People who do not work are viewed as worthy or deserving of government support. B. One's work ethic is seen as reflective of one's character and greatly impacts the perception others have of that person. C. Poor people in the United States are more defined by their other characteristics than their employment status. D. Work is not a central component of Americans' identities.
As far back as 1981, Corsini identified how many models of counseling?
A) 25 B) 50 C) 150 D) 250
Among elders of color, the proportion of widows is
A) twice that of whites. B) three times that of whites. C) the same as that of whites. D) four times that of whites.
The comparison group evaluative research design is better than the one-group pretest–posttest design because you are in a better position to ______.
A. generalize your study findings to the study population and assert that generalization is a major strength of your study methods B. assert that it was your intervention that caused the measured client growth rather than something else, like normal growth over time C. assert that you have achieved reliability and validity in regard to the measurement of your study variables D. assert that your data were found to be statistically significant