With respect to the concept of caring, most nursing theories
a. Embrace the disease orientation to health care as Watson does.
b. Recognize Leininger's theory and reject culture as a caring force.
c. Identify caring as highly relational involving patient and nurse.
d. Stress the universality of the expression of caring.
C
Nursing caring theories have common themes. Caring is highly relational. Caregiving relationships open up possibilities or close them down. Watson's transpersonal caring theory rejects the disease orientation to health care and places care before cure. Leininger stresses the importance of nurses' understanding of cultural caring behaviors. Caring is very personal, thus expression of caring differs for each patient.
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