COPD includes two distinct diagnoses. Outline the similarities and differences between emphysema and chronic bronchitis
What will be an ideal response?
Similarities:
• Dyspnea
• Hypercapnea
• Increased risk of upper respiratory infections
• Likely to be caused by exposure to cigarette smoke and air pollution
Differences:
Chronic bronchitis Emphysema
Causes • Second-hand smoke • Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Primary pathology • Involves airways
• Excessive mucus production
• Productive cough • Involves alveoli
• Destruction of bronchioles
• Loss of elasticity due to hyperinflation
Signs/Symptoms • Long-term cough (sometimes brought on by cold weather, dampness, and things that irritate the lungs like fumes or smoke)
• Increased mucus production
• Frequent clearing of throat
• Edema and weight gain (often occur as side effect of medication)
• Cyanosis
• Clubbing
• Secondary polycythemia
• Cor pulmonale • Rapid breathing
• Wheezing
• Chronic cough, with or without sputum
• Decreased exercise tolerance
• Loss of appetite leading to weight loss
• Barrel chest
• May progress to respiratory failure
• Orthopnea
Physical assessment • Gurgles
• Wheezing
• Resonant to percussion • Diminished breath sounds
• Hyperresonant to percussion
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