Phagocytosis of either microbes or microbial constituents by macrophages is followed by the activation of macrophages and the secretion of cytokines. What are the main effects of these molecules?
What will be an ideal response?
The cytokines released by activated macrophages have three principal effects. Some cytokines act as chemoattractants and recruit other leukocytes into the infected tissue, for example neutrophils, which efficiently phagocytose and kill bacteria, forming pus. Other cytokines act on the endothelial cells of local blood vessels to increase vascular permeability and vasodilation, thus initiating inflammation of the infected tissue.
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A 28-year-old woman complained of blurry vision, tingling in her fingers, and weakness in both legs. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed numerous plaques in the cerebral white matter. The cerebrospinal fluid analysis most likely will show
A. numerous neutrophils B. eosinophilia C. reduced glucose concentration D. oligoclonal bands of immunoglobulins E. xanthochromia
The combining form that means prostate is ________
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
A condition of difficulty in speaking and hoarseness is ________
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Smoking has decreased in the U.S. to about 20% of the population today
Indicate whether the statement is true or false