Define fixed and variable ratio schedules of reinforcement, as well as fixed and variable interval schedules of reinforcement. Compare and contrast the effects of these schedules of reinforcement on behavior
What will be an ideal response?
Fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement require that a certain, constant number of responses occur before a reinforcer is delivered. A variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is similar, except that the number of responses that must occur before a reinforcer is delivered varies around a mean number. Fixed interval schedules of reinforcement provide reinforcement for the first correct response following a fixed duration of time has elapsed. Variable interval schedules of reinforcement is the same, except that the time elapsed varies around a mean. In both cases, variable schedules of reinforcement produce the most consistent pattern of behavior, whereas fixed schedules usually produce a post-reinforcement pause
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The following four junior high school science teachers are teaching the concept molecule to their students. In each classroom, some of the students have acquired formal operational reasoning abilities, whereas others think in a concrete operational manner. In which classroom are the concrete operational students most likely to have difficulty understanding?
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Play therapy is based on the idea that a child's play is a medium for self-expression. Describe at least three examples of situations for which play therapy might be used in the schools.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Title I is designed to do which of the following?
A. Fund public schools with the highest percentages of children from low-income families B. Help students served by the program to achieve proficiency on challenging state academic achievement standards C. Provide services for children who are failing, or at risk of failing, to meet state academic standards D. All of the above
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A. special learning centers B. prescribed curriculum and materials C. integration of several subject fields D. flexibility in time for student-initiated activities