Define fixed and variable ratio schedules of reinforcement, as well as fixed and variable interval schedules of reinforcement. Compare and contrast the effects of these schedules of reinforcement on behavior
What will be an ideal response?
Fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement require that a certain, constant number of responses occur before a reinforcer is delivered. A variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is similar, except that the number of responses that must occur before a reinforcer is delivered varies around a mean number. Fixed interval schedules of reinforcement provide reinforcement for the first correct response following a fixed duration of time has elapsed. Variable interval schedules of reinforcement is the same, except that the time elapsed varies around a mean. In both cases, variable schedules of reinforcement produce the most consistent pattern of behavior, whereas fixed schedules usually produce a post-reinforcement pause
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The primary characteristics of the open classrooms popularity during the late 1960s and early 1970s include all but the following: ______.
A. special learning centers B. prescribed curriculum and materials C. integration of several subject fields D. flexibility in time for student-initiated activities
The following four junior high school science teachers are teaching the concept molecule to their students. In each classroom, some of the students have acquired formal operational reasoning abilities, whereas others think in a concrete operational manner. In which classroom are the concrete operational students most likely to have difficulty understanding?
a. Mr. Armani lets students touch and manipulate concrete models of various molecules. b. Mr. Bendetti lets students look at the same concrete models that Mr. Armani has used. c. Mr. Carmen verbally describes how different elements are made up of different numbers of neutrons, protons, and electrons. d. Mr. Davidson has students role-play being neutrons, protons, and electrons. The "neutron" and "proton" students huddle together in the middle of the room, and the "electrons" move around them.
Play therapy is based on the idea that a child's play is a medium for self-expression. Describe at least three examples of situations for which play therapy might be used in the schools.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Title I is designed to do which of the following?
A. Fund public schools with the highest percentages of children from low-income families B. Help students served by the program to achieve proficiency on challenging state academic achievement standards C. Provide services for children who are failing, or at risk of failing, to meet state academic standards D. All of the above