When do phobias like claustrophobia and driving phobia begin?
a. Adolescence
b. Childhood
c. Middle adulthood
d. Late adulthood
a. Adolescence
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To maximize the effects of a token economy, the therapist tries to focus on specific
a. fears and anxieties. b. unconditioned responses. c. target behaviors. d. response contingent punishments.
Which of the following is believed to be the oldest examples of human writing?
a. Prehistoric etchings on fragments of stone tablets b. 8,800 year-old markings on tortoise shells from China c. 30,000 year-old cave paintings in France d. Meso-American calendars from 500 BCE
Freud called the middle childhood years:
a. the anal stage. c. the latency stage. b. the phallic stage. d. the oral stage.
Some specific phobias are more common than others and very hard to extinguish, such as a fear of snakes. A biological explanation that distinguishes these hard-to-extinguish fears from other fears is that they:
A. are a result of abnormal activity of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA. B. may be genetically based because they contributed to the survival of the species in the past. C. develop because of damage to the pathways between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. D. are learned through both classical and operant conditioning.