Air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as
A) expiratory reserve volume.
B) tidal volume.
C) inspiratory reserve volume.
D) dead space volume.
E) vital capacity.
D
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Which one of the following statements about Pax6 and eye development is incorrect?
A. Binding of Pax6 protein to the cisregulatory elements of its target genes results in activation of some genes and repression of others. B. The specific program of eye development for a given species depends on the genes downstream of Pax6 in that species' genome. C. In the fruit fly, the total number of genes downstream of Pax6 that are needed for eye development is approximately 2000. D. Some of the genes influenced by Pax6 protein are activated or repressed indirectly by other transcription factors "turned on" by Pax6. E. The downstream target genes for Pax6 protein in different organisms are all very similar.
It is accurate to say that neural transmission across nearly all mammalian synaptic clefts is the result of
A. neural impulses involving the flow of K+ and Na+ across the cleft. B. neural impulses traveling across the gap as electrical currents. C. neural impulses causing the release of chemicals that diffuse across the cleft. D. neural impulses traveling across the cleft in both directions. E. the calcium within the axons and dendrites of nerves adjacent to a synapse acting as the neurotransmitter.
Why are flexors and extensors considered antagonistic muscles?
A. One muscle group exerts a pulling force while the other exerts a pushing force. B. Both muscle groups exert only a pulling force when they contract, but they produce opposing movements of the joint. C. Hypertrophy of one muscle group induces atrophy of the other muscle group. D. Both muscle groups bend a limb at the joint, but each can only contract while the other extends.
How does the development of protein aggregates in Huntington's disease bring about dementia in patients?
A) disruption of neuronal connection between the medulla and the caudate region B) disruption of the neuronal connection to the frontal lobe resulting in brain weight gain of ~30% C) disruption of neuronal connection between the caudate region and the frontal lobe D) disruption of the neuronal connection of the entire central nervous system