The Calvin cycle requires all of the following molecules EXCEPT
a. NADPH.
b. ATP.
c. CO2.
d. rubisco.
e. glucose.
E
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All things being equal, which of these is the most parsimonious explanation for the change in the number of Hox genes from the last common ancestor of insects and vertebrates to ancestral vertebrates, as shown in the table above?
A) The occurrence of seven independent duplications of individual Hox genes. B) The occurrence of two distinct duplications of the entire seven-gene cluster, followed by the loss of one cluster. C) The occurrence of a single duplication of the entire seven-gene cluster.
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell tumor in which a clone of malignant plasma cells produces large amounts of immunoglobulin. With all this excess immunoglobulin, how can a person with multiple myeloma be immunodeficient?
A. All the immunoglobulin produced is most likely specific to one antigen. This limits the ability to respond to the diversity of antigens we encounter. B. The multiplication of the malignant plasma cells may crowd out normal production of other immune cells required for protective responses. C. The massive overproduction of immunoglobulin impairs the kidneys, preventing production of the correct hormones from the kidneys to balance immune system cell production from the bone marrow. D. Through a negative feedback loop, the large amount of immunoglobulin tricks the immune system into thinking it's making a strong response that is needed. As such, it shuts down production of other responses that might truly BE needed to fight off a pathogen. E. All the immunoglobulin produced is most likely specific to one antigen. This limits the ability to respond to the diversity of antigens we encounter AND the multiplication of the malignant plasma cells may crowd out normal production of other immune cells required for protective responses.
A differentiated cell ____
a. has only the genes required for that cell type b. is found in the zygote c. is not found after gastrulation d. has all the genes that came from fertilization e. has 23 chromosomes
All of the following are epigenetic mechanisms, EXCEPT ________
A) changing gene expression by adding and removing methyl groups to DNA B) changing gene expression by the use of small noncoding RNAs C) changing gene expression by the use of long noncoding RNAs D) changing gene expression by changing the nucleotide sequence through mutation E) changing gene expression by adding and removing chemical groups to histone proteins