A patient becomes startled when the alarm rings for a fire drill. After reassuring the patient that there is no danger, an assessment is completed. Which finding may be related to a sympathetic response?
a. Wheezing
b. Confusion
c. Incontinence
d. Diminished bowel sounds
ANS: D
The sympathetic division is dominant in stressful situations such as fear, anger, anxiety, and exercise, and the responses it brings about involve preparedness for physical activity, whether or not it is actually needed. The heart rate increases, vasodilation in skeletal muscles supplies them with more oxygen, the bronchioles dilate to take in more air and the liver changes glycogen to glucose to provide energy. Relatively less important activities such as digestion are slowed, and vasoconstriction in the skin and viscera permits greater blood flow to more vital organs such as the brain, heart, and muscles. The urethral sphincter contracts to prevent urination. A. B. C. Wheezing, confusion, and incontinence are not associated with a sympathetic response.
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