Why has union density in the U.S. declined so dramatically since the 1950s?
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Union density's dramatic decline since the 1950s can be explained in multiple ways. First, employment has declined in traditionally unionized industries, such as manufacturing, while employment in the services sector, a nonunion industry, has increased. Second, the demand for union services has declined. This has three components: 1) demand can decline because unions are not doing a good job of responding to the desires of a changing workforce and overcoming the negative stereotypes of unions, 2) if employers have improved their responsiveness to employees' needs, this can reduce the demand for union protection, 3) increased protective legislation may have provided a substitute for unions (e.g., Civil Rights Act, Equal Pay Act, OSHA, Family Medical Leave Act). Finally, in the U.S. there is a great deal of employer resistance and opposition to unions. U.S. businesses are typically hostile toward labor unions and have developed a wide range of union avoidance tactics.
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