After the Monroe v. Pape decision, the number of Section 1983 actions increased substantially. Why?

What will be an ideal response?


The Supreme Court held that "color of law" had the same meaning in a civil case as it did in a criminal case and concluded that because Section 1983 provided for a civil action, the plaintiffs did not need to prove that the defendants acted with a specific intent to deprive a person of a federal right. The relaxation of the need to prove intent in a civil Section 1983 case encouraged individuals to take that route of action to redress perceived injuries by law enforcement.

Criminal Justice

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Explain the differences and importance of direct and cross-examination

What will be an ideal response?

Criminal Justice

Which of the following is NOT one of the three phases in the French criminal procedure?

a. Interrogation by the police judiciaire b. The preliminary investigation including the garde a vue c. The judicial investigation phase conducted by the juge d’instruction d. The trial phase

Criminal Justice

The ______ ultimately is responsible for determining the actual length in indeterminate sentencing

A) prosecution B) ?state legislature C) ?correctional agency D) ?probation officer E) ?parole board

Criminal Justice

Under Secure Flight Program, TSA receives information for each passenger (from the airline)

a. True b. False

Criminal Justice