A change in measurement that has a causal effect on the relationship between the
independent and dependent variable is what type of threat to internal validity?
a. History
b. Maturation
c. Instrumentation
d. Bias
C
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Using an abbreviated version of the 2015 UK Millennium Cohort survey dataset (mcs.dta), perform the following exercises. Note: the survey was carried out in 2015 to 14 year-old pupil in the UK. The dataset consists of nearly 12,000 observations and 52 variables. You need to use the haven package to read-in the data. Perform recoding and labeling on the variables below. Note: for all the variables, you need to first convert them to factors using the as.factor() function.
scien - rename as science and label the values as 1=’1. Strongly Disagree’;2=’2. Disagree’;3=’3. Agree’;4=’4. Strongly Agree’. This variable includes pupils’ responses to whether they were good at science.
A theorist who argues that racism is a direct result of competition for jobs is coming from
A) a libertarian perspective B) a social justice perspective. C) an egalitarian perspective. D) a class conflict perspective.
Which one of the following functional roles performed by human services workers is most closely related to working directly in the client's environment?
A) Coordinating services B) Community outreach C) Client advocacy D) Providing information
Which developmental disability involves problems in muscular control and coordination resulting from damage to the brain before it matured?
A. Cerebral palsy B. Intellectual disabilities C. Autism spectrum disorder D. Hearing impairment