?After tobacco companies argued that cigarette smoking had never been proven to cause lung cancer or heart disease in humans, how did epidemiological researchers establish such a causal relationship?
a. They inferred it as all seven criteria were met.
b. ?They proved it through experimental studies.
c. ?They inferred it via overwhelming evidence.
d. All of the above
Ans: a. They inferred it as all seven criteria were met.
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