Identify the major physiological controls for gastric emptying
What will be an ideal response?
• Meal content/size: large meals with high fat, protein, and fiber content decreases the rate of gastric emptying by their stimulatory effects on hormonal secretions
• Hormones/Neuropeptides:
- Gastrin: protein, peptides, amino acids, coffee, alcohol, gastric distention and vagal stimulation will stimulate its release, which will cause an increase in gastric acid secretion and gastric motility, while decreasing gastric emptying.
- Secretin: acid in the duodenum will result in its secretion and its inhibitory effects on gastric emptying
- Cholecystokinin: fat in the duodenum (and protein to a lesser extent) will result in its secretion and cause its inhibitory effects on gastric emptying.
- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide will inhibit gastric emptying and motility during interdigestive states and is stimulated by serum glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids
• Vagal Stimulation/Enteric Nervous System: Parasympathetic activity indirectly effects gastric motility via the enteric nervous system. This will result in the tonic contractions needed to propel and break up food particles to move towards the pyloric sphincter in sizes no larger than 2 mm.
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Some states provide Medicaid benefits for nutrition services, but there is significant variability between states.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Most children are diagnosed with cerebral palsy by _____ years of age
a. 1–2 b. 3–4 c. 5–6 d. 7–8 e. 9–10
If the etiology of the problem cannot be influenced through nutrition therapy, then the interventions should be directed at changing the _______________ of the nutrition problem.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Cheese-and-mushroom pizza would be an acceptable choice for a lacto-vegetarian
Indicate whether statement is true or false.