The party that chooses to initiate formal legal proceedings is called the
a. initiator.
b. defendant.
c. plaintiff.
d. barrister.
e. counsel.
ANS: C
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A case can reach the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in all of the following ways EXCEPT a. when a national court asks for a preliminary ruling on a case involving European law
b. when a party appeals a decision of the General Court on the basis of a question of law. c. when a European institution asks the court to rule on the legality of a piece of European legislation. d. when the Commission asks the ECJ to decide if a member state has failed to fulfill its EU legal obligations. e. when the Court independently selects a case to hear.
Our expectations of state and local executives have gone through three historical states. Which of the following is not among the three stages?
A. executive representation B. neutral competence C. polarized pluralism D. executive leadership
Because the Supreme Court regards itself as responsible for establishing general principles and an overall framework, it
A) avoids direct constitutional interpretation. B) engages in detailed resolution of all cases. C) leaves very little legal responsibility in the hands of the lower courts. D) seldom becomes involved in the detailed resolution of particular cases. E) determines the best way of implementing all decisions.
A third order policy change occurs when
a. the policy's underlying goals are unchanged, but significant changes are implemented in how the goal is pursued. b. policies become similar over time globally or in a particular region. c. the goals behind a policy are dramatically altered. d. the details of the policy change, but the general approach to the policy remains the same. e. the funding source to support the policy changes.