A study was conducted to determine if videotaped instruction was more effective than written instruction (a pamphlet) to teach menopausal women the benefits of regular mammograms. Which condition would be considered an antecedent variable?
a. There were 38 subjects in the pamphlet group and 34 subjects in the videotape group.
b. During the study, 50% of the videotape group received flu shots, whereas 25% of those in the pamphlet group received flu shots.
c. Four members of the pamphlet group had mothers who had been diagnosed with breast cancer, but no members of the videotape group had mothers who had been diagnosed with breast cancer.
d. While participating in the study, five members of the videotape group began performing breast self-examination (BSE), while two members of the pamphlet group began performing BSE.
ANS: C
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A The sample size is a factor occurring during the study, not before it.
B Because influenza immunization occurred during the study, it is not an antecedent variable.
C An antecedent variable is something that occurred before the study but can affect the outcome and confound results.
D Because BSE occurred during the study, it is not an antecedent variable.
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