Yolanda is not very motivated at her car sales job. She knows the probability is high that if she works hard, she will meet her weekly quota of selling five cars. If she meets her quota, her boss gives her a gift card for a free cup of coffee. Yolanda does not like coffee, thus she does not work very hard to meet her quota. According to this scenario, Yolanda is not motivated because there is a lack of ______.
A. expectancy
B. instrumentality
C. effort
D. valence
D. valence
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