Which of the following statements about punishment is true?
A) ?Punishment (if not harsh) may be effective if it is instructional.
B) ?Punishment usually promotes more effective behavior.
C) ?Punishment may produce undesirable side effects.
D) ?Punishment may be a permanent solution.
C
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In the context of counseling research, which of the following is true of the measurement approaches based on the item response theory (IRT)?
a. It is used to relate one's response patterns to items of similar levels of difficulty to determine the reliability of the test. b. It is used to identify levels of how items measure a certain attribute. c. It is used to assess the ability of scale items to measure present performance with prior performance. d. It is used to examine whether particular scale items have varying levels of internal validity.
Sarah functions with the assumption that other people think and feel essentially the same way that she does. Which of the following terms would best describe Sarah?
a. Ethnocentric b. Conceptualized c. Egocentric d. Internalized e. Epicentric
Enculturation that takes place through interactions with peers is __________ cultural transmission
a. orthogonal b. horizontal c. parallel d. vertical
Positive psychology emerged because:
a. clients make substantial changes as a result of therapy. b. traditional psychotherapy has found a cure for many disorders. c. about 10% of clients terminate therapy prematurely. d. psychotherapy has become largely a science of victimology.