A criminal defendant enjoys the presumption of innocence until:
a. the judge declares him guilty
b. the defendant is placed on parole
c. the prosecutor makes her opening statement
d. the prosecutor proves him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
D
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_______________ can be either general or specific. It is general when it is intended to cause vicarious learning whereby observers see that offenders are punished for a given crime and therefore themselves are discouraged from committing a like mannered crime due to fear of similar punishment. It is specific when the punishment is inflicted upon a specific offender in the hope that the particular offender will be discouraged from committing future crimes.
a. Deterrence b. Retribution c. Rehabilitation d. Incapacitation
Which of the following is an example of a principle underlying the concept of deterrence?
a. Certainty b. Severity c. Celerity d. All of the above
Over 80 percent of criminal defendants who reach the trial stage will be convicted
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Once in the system, females may receive fewer _____ and _____ than their male counterparts
a. Lawyers, benefits b. Services, therapists c. Equipment, programs d. Benefits, services