Give the pathophysiology of the following:
Retinopathy: the incidence of diabetic retinopathy is directly correlated with the duration of the disease. After 10 yrs of diabetes, half the patients show some degree of retinopathy, and after 25 yrs 95% have retinopathy. In simple background retinopathy, retinal edema occurs. This causes hemorrhages to occur throughout the posterior retina. In preproliferative background retinopathy, retinal infarcts occur.1
Neuropathy: diabetic neuropathies represent vascular insufficiency or infarction in nerves, presumably caused by small vessel disease.2
Nephropathy: renal biopsy reveals diffuse intercapillary glomerulosclerosis, and concentric hyaline masses are frequently seen to distend capillary loops. The diffuse intercapillary glomerulosclerosis appears to be the significant pathologic lesion since not all patients exhibit the nodular hyaline masses.3
Nephrotic Syndrome: characterized clinically by edema of variable degree, heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperlipemia.4
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a. ECG interpretation b. Critical care course c. Medication test d. BLS training
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True False
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Which one of the following does the nurse recognize as the primary purpose of a nursing diagnosis?
a. Support the medical plan of care. b. Provide a standardized approach for all clients. c. Recognize the client's response to an illness or situation. d. Offer the nurse's subjective view of the client's behaviours.