In contrast with leader peptides and the C regions, the V regions in immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes
a. encode hydrophobic amino acids that anchor the immunoglobulin chains to B-cell membranes
b. comprise the smallest number of gene segments in the human immunoglobulin loci
c. are composed of V, D, and J gene segments that must undergo gene rearrangement to generate a transcribable exon
d. do not undergo somatic hypermutation
e. are not subject to allelic exclusion.
C
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