Based on Freud's theory of personality, describe in detail the concepts of the id, the ego, and the superego. Mention the guiding principles of the id and the ego, the extent to which each of the three is conscious, and the point at which each of the three develops during infancy or childhood.
What will be an ideal response?
Students' answers may vary.
The answer should include the following elements:
The id is innate, and it attempts to satisfy primitive drives related to hunger, sex, and aggression. It operates on the pleasure principle, in which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension and maximization of satisfaction. It is wholly unconscious. The ego begins to develop soon after birth. It attempts to balance the desires of the id with the constraints of the outside world. The ego operates on the reality principle, in which the goal is to maintain one's safety and aid one's integration into society. It is partly unconscious and partly conscious. The superego develops in early childhood. It represents the rules of society as modeled by parents, teachers, and other significant figures, and it includes the conscience. Its goal is to ensure that one conforms to the dictates of society. The superego is partly unconscious, but largely conscious.
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b. The need to aggress in response to frustration is taught directly by reinforcement, important models, and themedia, and can be "unlearned" if the reinforcements and models change. c. The need to aggress in response to frustration is a psychological drive that resembles the physiological drive ofseeking food in response to hunger. d. The need to aggress in response to frustration can lead to nonviolent acts of aggression such as spreadingrumors about someone or telling hostile jokes.
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a. infarction b. diaschisis c. traumatic brain injury d. cerebrovascular accident or stroke
Rats are more likely to form a smell-sickness association than a light-sickness association, suggesting that:
A) genetic factors are a relatively unimportant component of learning. B) rats have evolved to not associate lights with smell. C) behaviour is, in part, the product of the learning experiences of our ancestors. D) rats have had more learning opportunities to associate smell with sickness.
Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden ____.
A. drop in testosterone levels B. surge of prolactin and oxytocin C. decrease of prolactin and increase of oxytocin D. increase of prolactin and decrease of oxytocin