Name and briefly describe three levels of scientific understanding
What will be an ideal response?
Description: yields a collection of facts about observed events; Prediction: Observations result in the discovery that two or more events consistently co-vary; Experimental control: Highest level of understanding, achieved when a predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by the systematic manipulation of some aspect of the person's environment.
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One of the important modern applications of classical conditioning is to
A. develop effective treatments for phobias. B. treat eating disorders. C. understand the adaptive functions of behavior. D. design better teaching techniques to use in classrooms.
Operant behaviors are ______ voluntarily, whereas respondent behaviors are ________ by stimuli
a. elicited, occasioned b. emitted, elicited c. occasioned, emitted d. none of the above
Decoding problems are most observable when the student tries to ____
a. summarize key points of what they have read b. explain what they have learned from their reading c. define vocabulary from the reading context d. read a passage of text orally for the teacher
What can we conclude about the main effect of the group variable?
An experiment was conducted to see how people with eating disorders differ in their
need to exert control in different domains. Participants were classified as not having an
eating disorder (control), as having anorexia nervosa (anorexic), or as having bulimia
nervosa (bulimia). Each participant underwent an experiment that indicated how much
they felt the need to exert control in three domains: eating, friendships and the physical
world (this final category was a control domain in which the need to have control over
things like gravity or the weather was assessed). So all participants gave three
responses in the form of a mean reaction time; a low reaction time meant that the
person did feel the need to exert control in that domain. The variables have been
labelled as group (control, anorexic, or bulimic) and domain (food, friends or physics).
The R output from an analysis is shown below and the next two questions relate to this
output.
a. People with eating disorders need to exert more control over different
domains of their life, F(2, 27) = 0.93, p < .05.
b. When ignoring the type of domain, people who differ with regard to eating
disorders did not significantly differ in their need to exert control, F(2, 27) =
0.93, p > .05.
c. People with eating disorders significantly differ in their need to exert control
over food, F(2, 27) = 0.93, p > .05
d. People with eating disorders need to exert significantly more control over
different domains of their life than people without eating disorders, F(1, 27) =
2029.76, p < .001.